Relative fluctuation of number of particles state for Bose Einstein, fermi Dirac, Maxwell Boltmann

The relative fluctuation of the number of particles (often denoted as δN/N) for different statistical distributions such as Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac, and Maxwell-Boltzmann depends on the average number of particles <Np> and can be expressed as:

Hence, fluctuation for Maxwell Boltzmann is

Fluctuation for Bosons is

Fluctuation for fermions is

The advantage of considering the relative fluctuation of the number of particles for different statistical distributions, such as Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac, and Maxwell-Boltzmann, lies in understanding the behaviour of systems at different temperature regimes and particle densities. Here are some advantages of studying the relative fluctuation:

1. Bose-Einstein Statistics:

   • Bose-Einstein statistics are applicable to particles with integer spin, such as photons, mesons, and composite particles like helium-4 atoms.

   • The relative fluctuation of the number of particles is particularly important for studying phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation.

   • The system undergoes a phase transition at low temperatures, where a macroscopic number of particles occupy the ground state, leading to a significant decrease in the relative fluctuation.

2. Fermi-Dirac Statistics:

   • Fermi-Dirac statistics describe systems of particles with half-integer spin, including electrons, protons, and neutrons.

   • The relative fluctuation of the number of particles is crucial for understanding electronic behaviour in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.

   • It helps in analyzing quantum phenomena such as the Pauli exclusion principle, which prohibits two fermions from occupying the same quantum state simultaneously.

3. Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics:

   • Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics are applicable to systems of classical particles, such as ideal gases.

   • The relative fluctuation of the number of particles provides insight into the behavior of systems at high temperatures and low densities.

   • It helps in understanding phenomena such as equipartition of energy, which states that each degree of freedom contributes an equal amount of energy per particle in equilibrium.

By studying the relative fluctuation of the number of particles in these statistical distributions, we gain a deeper understanding of the statistical properties and collective behavior of particles under different physical conditions. This knowledge is crucial for various fields, including condensed matter physics, statistical mechanics, quantum optics, and high-energy physics.

This note is taken from Quantum Statistical Mechanics, Msc physics, Nepal.

This note is a part of the Physics Repository.