Random walks, also known as stochastic processes, play a significant role in various areas of astrophysics. A random walk is a mathematical model that describes a system where a particle or a system undergoes a series of random steps. In astrophysics, random walks are often employed to study the motion and behaviour of particles or radiation in different contexts. Here are a few examples:

Brownian Motion and Diffusion:
- Interstellar Dust Grains: Small particles, such as dust grains in the interstellar medium, can undergo random motion due to bombardment by photons and energetic particles. This behaviour can be modeled using a random walk, with the displacement of the particle being a random variable at each step.
Particle Transport in Plasmas:
- Cosmic Rays: Cosmic rays, which are high-energy charged particles, experience random scattering in turbulent magnetic fields. The motion of cosmic rays through the interstellar or intergalactic medium can be modelled as a random walk, influencing their propagation and distribution.
Photon Diffusion:
- Radiative Transfer in Stars: In the outer layers of stars, photons undergo a random walk as they interact with matter through scattering and absorption processes. This is important in understanding the transfer of energy through stellar atmospheres.
Orbital Evolution:
- Cometary Motion: The motion of comets, especially in the outer regions of the solar system, can be influenced by gravitational interactions with planets and other celestial bodies. Monte Carlo simulations, which include random walk elements, are used to model the orbital evolution and dynamics of comets.
Monte Carlo Simulations:
- Galaxy Formation and Evolution: In cosmology, Monte Carlo simulations often incorporate random walk processes to model the evolution of large-scale structure in the universe. These simulations help study the distribution of dark matter, galaxies, and other cosmic structures.
Radioactive Decay:
- Nuclear Astrophysics: The decay of radioactive isotopes in astrophysical environments, such as in stars or during nucleosynthesis processes, follows a stochastic process. The time evolution of the number of radioactive nuclei can be described using a random walk model.
Turbulence and Fluid Dynamics:
- Accretion Disks: In the context of accretion disks around compact objects like black holes or neutron stars, turbulence and viscosity can be modelled using stochastic processes. The motion of gas and dust in the disk is influenced by random fluctuations.
  Simple example of Random walk are the path taken by a molecule in a liquid or gas, the path taken by a photon in a star or drunkard's walk.

Random walks and stochastic processes provide valuable tools for understanding the statistical behaviour of astrophysical systems. They are particularly useful when dealing with complex and dynamic environments where deterministic models may be challenging to apply due to the inherent randomness or uncertainties involved.

This note is a part of the Physics Repository.

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